When 2024 came knocking on Israel’s door, there was still a sense of shock bordering on disbelief at the horrendous events of October 7, yet there was also hope that military victory over Hamas would be swift and decisive, and that more than 100 hostages would be set free, either by rescue raids or by swap deals. As the months dragged on, it became clear that this was not to be, and all the while Hezbollah kept its attrition tactics, the Houthis ratcheted up their attacks and Iran tried and failed to win two rounds of stand-off exchanges with Israel. So, with the books now closed, what bottom lines have emerged from the 2024 accounts?

